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The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is a branch of the Military of the United States responsible for providing power projection from the sea,{{cite paper | title = Operational Maneuver from the Sea | version = | publisher = Headquarters Marine Corps | date = 1996 | url = http://www.dtic.mil/jv2010/usmc/omfts.pdf | format = | accessdate = --> utilizing the mobility of the United States Navy to rapidly deliver [Marine Air-Ground Task Force. Since the Marine Corps works alongside [United States Navy#Operating forces, it is part of the [United States Department of the Navy for administrative purposes.[http://www.navy.mil/navydata/organization/orgopfor.asp Department of the Navy -- The Operating Forces.

Background Originally organized as the Continental Marines on 10 November 1775 as naval infantry, the Marine Corps has evolved in its mission with changing military doctrine and Foreign relations of the United States. The Marine Corps has served in Military history of the United States including the American Revolutionary War. It attained prominence in the 20th century when its theories and practice of amphibious warfare proved prescient and ultimately formed the cornerstone of the Pacific War of World War II.{{cite book | last = Warren | first = James A. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = American Spartans: The U.S. Marines: A Combat History From Iwo Jima to Iraq | publisher = Free Press, Simon & Schuster | date = 2005 | location = New York | url = | doi = | id = ISBN 0-684-87284-6 --> By the mid 20th century, the Marine Corps had become the dominant theorist of amphibious warfare.{{cite book|accessdate=2007-06-02 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/I/USMC-I-I-2.html |chapter=Part I, Chapter 2: Evolution of Modern Amphibious Warfare, 1920–1941 |title=Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal |series=History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II, Volume I |author=Hough, Col Frank O. (USMCR); Ludwig, Maj Verle E. (USMC), and Henry I. Shaw, Jr. |publisher= Historical Branch, HQMC, United States Marine Corps-->{{cite book |accessdate=2007-06-02|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/IV/USMC-IV-II-1.html |chapter=Part II, Chapter 1: The Development of FMFPac |title=Western Pacific Operations |date=1971 |author=Garand, George W. and Truman R. Strobridge |series=History of U.S. Marine Corps Operation in World War II, Volume IV |publisher=Historical Branch, HQMC, United States Marine Corps--> {{cite book|accessdate=2007-06-02 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/V/USMC-V-VI-1.html |date=1968 |chapter=Part VI, Chapter 1: Amphibious Doctrine in World War II |title=Victory and Occupation |author=Frank, Benis M and Henry I. Saw, Jr. |series=History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II, Volume V |publisher=Historical Branch, HQMC, United States Marine Corps--> Its ability to rapidly respond to regional crises has made it, and continues to make it, an important body in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy.{{cite paper | author = John H. Dalton, Secretary of the Navy; [Jeremy Michael Boorda, Chief of Naval Operations; [Carl Epting Mundy, Jr., Commandant, U.S. Marine Corps | title = Forward...From the Sea | version = | publisher = Department of the Navy | date = November 11, [ | format = | accessdate = -->

The United States Marine Corps, with 180,000 active duty and 40,000 Marine Forces Reserve as of 2005, is the smallest of the United States' armed forces in the United States Department of Defense (the United States Coast Guard, about one fifth the size of the Marine Corps, is under the United States Department of Homeland Security). The Corps is nonetheless larger than the entire armed forces of many significant military powers; for example, it is larger than the active duty Israel Defense Forces.

Mission Flag of the United States Marine CorpsThe United States Marine Corps serves as an amphibious force-in-readiness. Today, it has three primary areas of responsibility as outlined in , originally introduced under the National Security Act of 1947:

The seizure or defense of advanced naval bases and other land operations to support naval warfare;
The development of tactics, technique, and equipment used by Amphibious vehicle forces; and
"Such other duties as the President of the United States may direct."

The quoted clause, while seemingly a consequence of the President's position as Commander-in-Chief, is a codification of the Expeditionary Force duties of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the United States Congress Acts "For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps" of 1834, and "Establishing and Organizing a Marine Corps" of 1798. In 1951, the United States House of Representatives' United States House Committee on Armed Services called the clause "one of the most important statutory—and traditional—functions of the Marine Corps." It noted that the Corps has more often than not performed actions of a non-naval nature, including its famous actions in the War of 1812, at First Barbary War, Battle of Chapultepec (during the Mexican-American War), numerous counter-insurgency, and occupational duties in Central America and East Asia, World War I and the Korean War. While these actions are not accurately described as support of naval campaigns nor as amphibious warfare, their common thread is that they are of an expeditionary nature, using the mobility of the Navy to provide timely intervention in foreign affairs on behalf of American interests.{{cite book | last = Estes | first = Kenneth W. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The Marine Officer's Guide, 6th Edition | publisher = Naval Institute Press | date = 2000 | location = | url = | doi = | id = ISBN 1-55750-567-5 -->

In addition to its primary duties, the Marine Corps undertakes missions in support of the White House and the United States Department of State. President Thomas Jefferson dubbed the United States Marine Band the "President's Own" for its role of providing music for state functions at the White House.{{cite web | last = U.S. Marine Band | first = | authorlink = United States Marine Band | coauthors = | title = U.S. Marine Band — Our History | work = | publisher = USMC | date = | url = http://www.marineband.usmc.mil/learning_tools/our_history/index.htm | format = | doi = | accessdate = --> In addition, Marines guard presidential retreats, including [Camp David,{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Marine Barracks, Washington, DC | work = | publisher = [GlobalSecurity.org | date = | url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/marine-barracks.htm | format = | doi = | accessdate = --> and the Marines of the Executive Flight Detachment of [HMX-1 provide VIP helicopter transport to the President and [Vice President of the United States, using the call signs "[Marine One" (when the President is aboard) and "Marine Two" (when the Vice President is aboard). By authority of the 1946 Foreign Service act, the [Marine Corps Security Guard of the Marine Embassy Security Command provide security for American [diplomatic mission, [legations, and consulates at over 110 State Department posts overseas.{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Marine Security Guard Battalion | work = | publisher = [GlobalSecurity.org | date = | url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/usmc/msgbn.htm | format = | doi = | accessdate = -->

Historical mission At its founding, the Marine Corps was composed of infantry serving aboard naval vessels and was responsible for the security of the ship and her crew by conducting offensive and defensive combat during boarding actions, and defending the ship's officers from mutiny; to the latter end, their quarters on ship were often strategically positioned between the officers' quarters and the rest of the vessel. Continental Marines, as they were known at the time, were also responsible for manning raiding parties, both at sea and ashore. The role of the Marine Corps has since expanded significantly; as the importance of its original naval mission declined with changing naval warfare doctrine and the professionalization of the Naval service, the Corps adapted by focusing on what were formerly secondary missions ashore. The Advanced Base doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns. The Marines would also develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II.{{cite book | last = Lawliss | first = Chuck | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The Marine Book: A Portrait of America's Military Elite | publisher = Thames and Hudson | date = 1988 | location = New York | url = | doi = | id = --> Its original mission of providing shipboard security finally ended in the 1990s, when the last Marine security detachments were withdrawn from U.S. Navy ships.

Capabilities While the Marine Corps does not employ any unique combat arms, it, as a force, has the unique ability to rapidly deploy a combined-arms task force to almost anywhere in the world within days. The basic structure for all deployed units is a Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) that integrates a ground combat component, an air combat component, and a military logistics combat component under a common command element. While the creation of joint commands under the Goldwater-Nichols Act has improved inter-service coordination between the U.S. military services, the Corps' ability to permanently maintain integrated multi-element task forces under a single command provides a smoother implementation of combined-arms warfare principles.

The close integration of disparate Marine units stems from an organizational culture centered around the infantry. Every other Marine capability exists to support the infantry. Unlike some Western militaries, the Corps remained conservative against theories proclaiming the ability of new weapons to win wars independently. For example, United States Marine Corps Aviation has always been focused on close air support and has remained largely uninfluenced by air power theories proclaiming that strategic bombing can singlehandedly win wars.

This focus on the infantry is matched with the doctrine that "Every Marine is a rifleman," a focus of Commandant Alfred M. Gray, Jr., emphasizing the infantry combat abilities of every Marine. All enlisted Marines, regardless of military specialization, receive training as a rifleman; all officers receive training as infantry platoon commanders.{{cite web | last = Milks | first = Keith A. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Ensuring 'Every Marine a Rifleman' is more than just a catch phrase | work = | publisher = 22 MEU, USMC | date = May 8 [ | url = http://www.usmc.mil/marinelink/mcn2000.nsf/0/b5ac3322e236c38985256feb00492f93?OpenDocument | format = | doi = | accessdate = --> The value of this culture has been demonstrated many times throughout history. For example, at [Battle of Wake Island, when all the Marine aircraft were shot down, pilots continued the fight as ground officers, leading supply clerks and cooks in a final defensive effort.{{cite paper | author = Lieutenant Colonel R.D. Heinl, Jr., USMC | title = Marines in WWII Historical Monograph: The Defense of Wake | version = | publisher = Historical Section, Division of Public Information, Headquarters, USMC | date = 1947 | url = http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-M-Wake.html | format = | accessdate = -->

The amphibious assault techniques developed for World War II evolved, with the addition of air assault and maneuver warfare doctrine, into the current "Operational Maneuver from the Sea" doctrine of power projection from the seas. The Marines are credited with the development of air assault and were the earliest in the American military to widely adopt maneuver-warfare principles, which emphasize low-level initiative and flexible execution. As a result, a large degree of initiative and autonomy is expected of junior Marines, particularly the non-commissioned officer, (corporals and sergeants), as compared with many other military organizations. The Marine Corps emphasizes authority and responsibility downward to a greater degree than the other military services. Flexibility of execution is implemented via an emphasis on "commander's intent" as a guiding principle for carrying out orders; specifying the end state but leaving open the method of execution.{{cite book | last = Lind | first = William S. | authorlink = William S. Lind | coauthors = Col. [Michael Wyly | title = Maneuver Warfare Handbook | publisher = Westview Press | date = 1985 | location = Boulder, Colorado | url = | doi = | id = ISBN 0-86531-862-X -->

The U.S. Marine Corps relies on the U.S. Navy for sealift to provide its rapid deployment capabilities. In addition to basing a third of the Marine Corps Operating Forces in Japan, Marine Expeditionary Units (MEU), smaller MAGTF, are typically stationed at sea. This allows the ability to function as first responders to international incidents. The United States Army now maintains light infantry units capable of rapid worldwide deployment, though they do not match the combined-arms integration of a MAGTF, nor do they have the logistical training that the Navy provides. For this reason, the Corps is often assigned to non-combat missions such as the evacuation of Americans from unstable countries and humanitarian aid of natural disasters. In larger conflicts, Marines act as a stopgap, to get into and hold an area until larger units can be mobilized. The Corps performed this role in World War I, and the Korean War, where Marines were the first significant combat units deployed from the United States and held the line until the country could mobilize for war.{{cite book | last = Chenoweth, USMCR (Ret.) | first = Colonel H. Avery | authorlink = | coauthors = Colonel Brooke Nihart, USMC (ret) | title = Semper fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines | publisher = Main Street | date = 2005 | location = New York | url = | doi = | id = ISBN 1-4027-3099-3-->

History Origins The United States Marine Corps traces its institutional roots to the Continental Marines of the American Revolutionary War, formed at Tun Tavern in Philadelphia, by a resolution of the Continental Congress on November 10 1775, a date regarded and celebrated as the birthday of the Marine Corps. At the end of the American Revolution in 1783, both the Continental Navy and Continental Marines were disbanded, and although individual Marines were enlisted for the few American naval vessels left, the institution itself would not be resurrected until 1798. In preparation for the Quasi-War with First French Republic, Congress created the United States Navy and Marine Corps.{{cite web | author = U.S. Congress | authorlink = Congress of the United States | title = An Act for Establishing and Organizing a Marine Corps | date = 11 July [ | url = http://hqinet001.hqmc.usmc.mil/hd/historical/Docs_Speeches/Establishingamarinecorps.htm | accessdate = --> The U.S. Marines' most famous action of this period occurred during the First Barbary War (1801–1805), when William Eaton and First Lieutenant Presley O'Bannon led seven Marines and 300 Arab and European mercenary in an effort to capture Tripoli. Though they only reached Battle of Derna, the action at Tripoli has been immortalized in the Marines' hymn and the Mameluke Sword carried by Marine officers.{{cite book | last = Simmons | first = Edwin H. | authorlink = | title = The United States Marines: A History, Fourth Edition | publisher = Naval Institute Press | date = 2003 | location = Annapolis, Maryland | doi = | id = ISBN 1-59114-790-5 -->

During the War of 1812, Marine naval detachments took part in the great frigate duels that characterized the war, which were the first American victories in the conflict. Their most significant contributions came at the Battle of Bladensburg and the Battle of New Orleans. At Bladensburg, they held the line after the Army and militias retreated, and although eventually defeated, they inflicted casualties on the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and delayed their march to Washington, D.C. At New Orleans, the Marines held the center of Gen. Andrew Jackson's defensive line. By the end of the war, the Marines had acquired a well-deserved reputation as expert marksman, especially in ship-to-ship actions.

After the war, the Marine Corps fell into a depression. The third and fourth Commandant of the Marine Corps were court-martialed. However, the appointment of Archibald Henderson as its fifth commandant in 1820 breathed new life into the Corps; he would go on to become the Corps' longest-serving commandant. Under his tenure, the Corps took on expeditionary duties in the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Key West, Florida, West Africa, the Falkland Islands, and Sumatra. Commandant Henderson is credited with thwarting President of the United States Andrew Jackson's attempts to combine and integrate the Marine Corps with the Army. Instead, United States Congress passed the Act for the Better Organization of the Marine Corps in 1834, stipulating that the Corps was part of the United States Department of the Navy as a sister service to the U.S. Navy.{{cite web | author = U.S. Congress | authorlink = Congress of the United States | title = An Act for the Better Organization of the United States Marine Corps | date = 30 June [ | location = | url = http://hqinet001.hqmc.usmc.mil/hd/historical/Docs_Speeches/OrganizationofUSMC.htm | doi = | accessdate = --> This would be the first of many times that Congress came to the aid of the Marines.

When the Seminole Wars of 1835 broke out, Commandant Henderson volunteered the Marines for service, himself personally leading two battalions, nearly half of the entire Corps, to war. A decade later, in the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), the Marines made their famed Battle of Chapultepec, an imposing complex overlooking Mexico City. The Marines were placed on guard duty at the Mexican Presidential Palace, hence the phrase "The Halls of Montezuma" in the Marines' hymn. In the 1850s, the Marines would further see service in Panama and Asia, escorting Matthew Calbraith Perry's East India Squadron on its historic trip to the Far East. Colonel Archibald Henderson is known affectionately as "The Grand Old Man" of the Marine Corps, based on his many contributions during his 39 years as Commandant.{{cite book | last = Moskin | first = J. Robert | title = The U.S. Marine Corps Story | publisher = McGraw-Hill | date = 1987 | location = New York | doi = | id = -->

Despite their vast service in foreign engagements, the Marine Corps played only a minor role in the American Civil War (1861–1865); their most important task was blockade duty. As more and more states Ordinance of Secession from the Union (American Civil War), about half of the officers in the Marine Corps also left the Union to join the Confederate States of America and form The Confederate States Marine Corps (CSMC)(a branch of the Confederate Navy, was established by the Confederate Congress on March 16, 1861). Without most of its officers, the remaining Marines were few and inexperienced. The battalion of recruits formed for the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) performed poorly, retreating with the rest of the Union forces. The Congress of the Confederate States authorized the formation of a Marine Corps of its own, to be made up of ten companies, but this organization had little impact on the war.s, and their NCO with his sword. Washington Navy Yard, April 1864.

Formative years The remainder of the 19th century was marked by declining strength and introspection about the mission of the Marine Corps. The U.S. Navy's transition from sailing ship to steamboat put into question the need for Marines on naval ships. Meanwhile, Marines served as a convenient resource for interventions and landings to protect American lives and interests overseas. The Corps was involved in over 28 separate interventions in the 30 years from the end of the American Civil War to the end of 19th century, including China, Formosa, Japan, Nicaragua, Uruguay, Mexico, Korea, Panama, Hawaii, Egypt, Haiti, Samoa, Argentina, Chile, and Colombia. They would also be called upon to stem political and labor unrest within the United States.{{cite book | last = Ellsworth | first = Harry Allanson | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = One Hundred Eighty Landings of United States Marines 1800–1934 | publisher = History and Museums Division, HQ, USMC | date = 1934 | location = Washington, D.C. | url = | doi = | id = --> During this period, war correspondent Richard Harding Davis coined the phrase "The Marines have landed and have the situation well in hand." Under Commandant [Jacob Zeilin's tenure, Marine customs and traditions took shape: the Corps adopted the [Eagle, Globe, and Anchor on [November 19 [. It was also during this time that "[Marine's hymn" was first heard. Around 1883, the Marines adopted their current motto "''[Semper Fidelis''" ([Latin: Always Faithful).

John Philip Sousa, the musician and composer, enlisted as a Marine apprentice at the age of 13, serving from 1867 until 1872. He would later return to Corps service from 1880 to 1892 as the leader of the U.S. Marine Band (The President's Own). (His father, John Antonio Sousa, had been a tromboner in the same band.)

during "Banana Wars" holding up the captured flag of Augusto César Sandino, 1932During the Spanish–American War (1898), Marines led U.S. forces ashore in the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, demonstrating their readiness for deployment. At Guantánamo Bay, the Marines seized an Guantanamo Bay Naval Base that remains in use today by the U.S. Navy. Between 1899 and 1916, the Corps continued its record of participation in foreign expeditions, including the Philippine-American War, the Boxer Rebellion in China (1899–1901), Panama, the Cuban Pacifications, the Ion Perdicaris in Morocco, Veracruz (Mexico), Haiti, Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic), and in Nicaragua. In the 1900s and 1910s, the seizure of advance naval bases entered Marine Corps doctrine with the formation of the Marine Corps Advanced Base School and the Advanced Base Force, the prototype of the Fleet Marine Force.

Throughout the first half of the 20th century, before and after World War I, Marines saw action throughout Central America, including United States occupation of Haiti and United States occupation of Nicaragua. These actions became known as the "Banana Wars" after the principal export of those countries. The experiences gained in counter-insurgency and guerrilla operations during this period were consolidated into the Small Wars Manual.{{cite paper | author = | title = Report on Marine Corps Duplication of Effort between Army and Navy | version = | publisher = U.S. Marine Corps. | date = December 17 [ | url = | format = | accessdate = -->Contains a very detailed account of almost all the actions of the Continental Marines and USMC until 1932. It is available in scanned TIFF format from the archives of the Marine Corps University.

World War I In World War I, battle-tested, veteran Marines served a central role in the U.S. entry into the conflict. Unlike the U.S. and British Army, the Marine Corps had a deep pool of officers and NCOs with battle experience, and experienced a relatively smaller expansion. Here, the Marines fought their celebrated battle at Battle of Belleau Wood, then the largest in the history of the Corps; it created the Marines' reputation in modern history. Rallying under the battle cries of "Retreat? Hell, we just got here!" (Captain Lloyd Williams) and "Come on, you sons of bitches, do you want to live forever?" (GySgt. Daniel Daly), the Marines drove German Empire forces from the area. While its previous expeditionary experiences had not earned it much acclaim in the Western world, the Marines' fierceness and toughness earned them the respect of the Germans, who rated them of stormtrooper quality.Though Marines and American media reported that Germans had nicknamed them Devil Dog as meaning "Devil Dogs," there is no evidence of this in German records and since Teufelshunde would be the proper German phrase, it was possibly American propaganda. Nevertheless, the name stuck.{{cite web | last = Flippo | first = Hyde | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The ''devil dog'' legend | work = | publisher = [About.com | date = | url = http://german.about.com/od/culture/a/germyth13.htm | format = | doi = | accessdate = --> The Corps had entered the war with 511 officers and 13,214 enlisted personnel, and by November 11 [ had reached a strength of 2,400 officers and 70,000 men.{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = History of Marine Corps Aviation — World War One | work = | publisher = AcePilots.com | date = | url = http://www.acepilots.com/usmc/hist2.html | format = | doi = | accessdate = -->

Between the World Wars, the Marine Corps was headed by Commandant John A. Lejeune. Under his leadership, the Corps presciently studied and developed amphibious techniques that would be of great use in World War II. Many officers, including Lt. Col. Earl Hancock Ellis, foresaw a war in the Pacific with Empire of Japan and took preparations for such a conflict. While stationed in China, then-Lt. Col. Victor H. Krulak observed Japanese amphibious techniques in 1937. Through 1941, as the prospect of war grew, the Corps pushed urgently for joint amphibious exercises and acquired amphibious equipment such as the LCVP which would prove of great use in the upcoming conflict.{{cite book | last = Ballendorf | first = Dirk Anthony | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Pete Ellis: an amphibious warfare prophet, 1880–1923 | publisher = Naval Institute Press | date = 1997 | location = Annapolis, Md. | url = | doi = | id = -->

World War II In World War II, the Marines played a central role in the Pacific War; the Corps expanded from two brigades to two corps with six division (military) and five wing (air force unit) with 132 Squadron#Aviation. In addition, 20 defense battalions and a paramarines were set up.{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Marines in World War II Commemorative Series | work = | publisher = Marine Corps Historical Center | date = | url = http://www.nps.gov/wapa/indepth/extContent/usmc | format = | doi = | accessdate = --> The battles of [Battle of Guadalcanal, [Battle of Tarawa, [Battle of Saipan, [Battle of Cape Gloucester, [Battle of Peleliu, [Battle of Iwo Jima, and [Battle of Okinawa saw fierce fighting between U.S. Marines and the [Imperial Japanese Army.

During the battle of Iwo Jima, photographer Joe Rosenthal took the famous photograph Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima of five Marines and one Navy Hospital Corpsman raising the Flag of the United States on Iwo Jima. United States Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal, who had come ashore earlier that day to observe the progress of the troops, said of the flag raising on Iwo Jima, "...the raising of that flag on Suribachi means a Marine Corps for the next five hundred years." The acts of the Marines during the war added to their already significant popular reputation. The USMC War Memorial in Arlington, Virginia was dedicated in 1954. By war's end, the Corps had grown to include six divisions, five air wings, and supporting troops totaling about 485,000. Nearly 87,000 Marines were killed or wounded during World War II and 82 received the Medal of Honor.{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Marine Corps History | work = | publisher = [GlobalSecurity.org | date = | url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/usmc/history.htm | format = | doi = | accessdate = -->

Despite Secretary Forrestal's prediction, the Corps faced an immediate institutional crisis following the war. Army generals pushing for a strengthened and reorganized defense establishment also attempted to fold the Marine mission and assets into the Navy and Army. Drawing on hastily assembled Congressional support, the Marine Corps rebuffed such efforts to dismantle the Corps, resulting in statutory protection of the Marine Corps in the National Security Act of 1947.{{cite book | last = Krulak | first = Victor H. | authorlink = Victor H. Krulak | coauthors = | title = First To Fight: An Inside View of the U.S. Marine Corps | publisher = Naval Institute Press | date = 1984 | location = Annapolis, Maryland | url = | doi = | id = ISBN 0-87021-785-2--> Chapter 7, ''The Marines' Push Button'' 113–119 Shortly afterward, in 1952 the Douglas-Mansfield Bill afforded the Commandant an equal voice with the Joint Chiefs of Staff on matters relating to the Marines and established the structure of three divisions and air wings that remains today. This allowed the Corps to permanently maintain a division and air wing in the Far East and participate in various small wars in Southeast Asia—in the Dachen Archipelago, Taiwan, Laos, Thailand, and South Vietnam.

Korean War scaling the seawall at Battle of InchonThe Korean War (1950–1953) saw the hastily formed 1st Provisional Marine Brigade holding the defensive line at the Pusan Perimeter. To execute a flanking maneuver, General Douglas MacArthur called on Marine air and ground forces to make an amphibious landing at Battle of Inchon. The successful landing resulted in the collapse of North Korean lines and the pursuit of North Korean forces north near the Yalu River until the entrance of the People's Republic of China into the war. Chinese troops surrounded, surprised and overwhelmed the overextended and outnumbered American forces. However, unlike the Eighth United States Army, which retreated in disarray, the 1st Marine Division (United States) regrouped and inflicted heavy casualties during their fighting withdrawal to the coast. Now known as the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, it entered Marine lore as an example of toughness and resolve. Marines would continue a battle of attrition around the 38th parallel north until the 1953 armistice.{{cite book | last = Fehrenbach | first = T.R. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = This Kind of War: The Classic Korean War History | publisher = Brassey's | date = 1994 | location = | url = | doi = | id = ISBN 1-57488-259-7 --> The Korean War saw the Corps expand from 75,000 regulars to a force, by the end of the conflict in 1953, of 261,000 Marines, most of whom were reservists. 30,544 Marines were killed or wounded during the war and 42 were awarded the Medal of Honor.{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Fast Facts on the Korean War | work = | publisher = History Division, U.S. Marine Corps | date = | url = http://hqinet001.hqmc.usmc.mil/HD/Special_Interests/KWC/Fast_Facts.htm | format = | doi = | accessdate = -->

Vietnam War : Marines on patrolThe Marine Corps served an important role in the Vietnam War by partaking in such battles as Da Nang, Battle of Hue, and Battle of Khe Sanh. Individuals from the USMC operated in the Northern I Corps Regions of South Vietnam. While there, they were constantly engaged in a guerrilla warfare against the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF) and an intermittent conventional war against the Vietnam People's Army (NVA). Portions of the Corps were responsible for the less-known combined action program (CAC) that implemented unconventional techniques for counter-insurgency (COIN) and worked as military advisors to the Republic of Vietnam Marine Corps.

Vietnam was the longest war for Marines; by its end, 13,091Official U.S. Navy figures number the USMC deaths at 13,091. This source provides a number of 14,837. {{cite web], 1997|title=U.S. Military Casualties in Southeast Asia|publisher=The Wall-USA--> were killed in action, 51,392 were wounded, and 57 Medals of Honor were awarded.{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq56-1.htm |title=Casualties: U. S. Navy and Marine Corps Personnel Killed and Wounded in Wars, Conflicts, Terrorist Acts, and Other Hostile Incidents |date=August 7, [ |publisher=Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy -->{{cite web|url=http://hqinet001.hqmc.usmc.mil/HD/Historical/Frequently_Requested/Medal_of_Honor.htm|title= Marines Awarded the Medal of Honor|publisher=United States Marine Corps--> Due to policies concerning rotation, more Marines were deployed for service during Vietnam than World War II.Simmons, 247. Roughly 800,000 Marines served in Vietnam, as opposed to 600,000 in World War II. The USMC presence was withdrawn in 1971, and returned briefly in 1975 to evacuate Ho Chi Minh City and in an attempt to rescue the crew of the Mayagüez incident.{{cite book | last = Millet | first = Alan R. | title = Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps | publisher = Macmillan | date = 1991 | location = New York | doi = | id = --> While recovering from Vietnam, the Corps hit a detrimental low point in its service history caused by [court-martial and Non-Judicial Punishments related partially to increased [desertion during the war. Overhauling of the Corps began in the late 1970s when discharge policies for inadequate Marines relaxed, resulting in the removal of only the most delinquent. Once quality of new recruits improved, the Corps could focus on reforming the NCO Corps, a vital functioning part of its forces.

Post-Vietnam and pre-9/11 After Vietnam, the Marines resumed their expeditionary role, participating in the 1980 Iran hostage rescue attempt Operation Eagle Claw, the invasion of Grenada (Operation Urgent Fury) and the United States invasion of Panama (Operation Just Cause). On October 23 1983, the Marine headquarters building in Beirut, Lebanon was 1983 Beirut barracks bombing, causing the highest peacetime losses to the Corps in its history (220 Marines and 21 other service members of the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit were killed) and leading to the American withdrawal from the country. The year of 1990 saw Marines of the Joint Task Force Sharp Edge save thousands of lives by evacuating the British, French and American Nationals from the violence of the First Liberian Civil War. During the Gulf War (1990–1991), Marine task forces formed the initial core for Gulf War#Operation Desert Shield, while U.S. and Coalition troops mobilized, and later liberated Kuwait in Operation Desert Storm. U.S. Marines participated in combat operations in Somalia (1992–1995) during Operations Operation Restore Hope, Restore Hope II, and Operation United Shield to provide humanitarian relief.{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The preannounced landing of U.S. Marines was witnessed by millions of U.S. primetime television viewers | work = ''United States Naval Aviation, 1910–1995'' | publisher = U.S. Navy | date = | url = http://www.history.navy.mil/avh-1910/PART12.PDF | format = PDF | doi = | accessdate = --> (PDF file, see 1992, [December 9, p. 16.

Global War on Terrorism during Second Battle of Fallujah, November 2004

Following the September 11, 2001 attacks President Bush announced a War on Terrorism. The stated objective of the Global War on Terror is "the defeat of al Qaeda, other terrorist groups and any nation that supports or harbors terrorists".{{cite web|accessdate=2007-05-04 |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/print/20010920-8.html |title=Address to Congress |publisher=whitehouse--> Since that time the United States Marine Corps, along with other military and federal agencies, has engaged in global operations including [Iraq War and [Operation Enduring Freedom as part of that mission.

Operation Enduring Freedom Marines and other U.S. forces began staging in Uzbekistan on the border of Afghanistan as early as October, 2001 in preparation for the invasion of Afghanistan.{{cite web|accessdate=2007-04-27 |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0110/07/sm.06.html |title=CNN Transcript |publisher=CNN--> The [15th Marine Expeditionary Unit and [26th Marine Expeditionary Units were the first conventional forces into Afghanistan in support of [Operation Enduring Freedom in November of 2001 when they seized an airfield outside of [Khandahar.{{cite web |accessdate=2007-04-27 |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2001/11/27/a1_46.php |title=Marines land in Afghanistan |publisher=International Herald Tribune--> Since then Marine battalions and squadrons have been rotating through, engaging [Taliban and [Al-Qaeda forces. In 2002, Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA)was stood up at Camp Lemonier to provide regional security.{{cite web|accessdate=2007-04-24 |url=http://www.hoa.centcom.mil/resources/english/facts.asp |title=Fact Sheet - CJTF-HOA |publisher=Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa--> Despite transferring overall command to the U.S. Navy in 2006 the Marines have continued to operate in the [Horn of Africa into 2007.{{cite web |accessdate=2007-04-24 |url=http://www.marines.mil/marinelink/mcn2000.nsf/lookupstoryref/20072844311 |title=USMC.mil - 26th MEU in HOA |publisher=United States Marine Corps-->

Operation Iraqi Freedom Most recently, the Marines have served prominently in Iraq War. The I Marine Expeditionary Force, along with the Army's 3rd Infantry Division (United States), spearheaded the 2003 invasion of Iraq.{{cite book | last = West | first = Bing | authorlink = Bing West | coauthors = General Ray L. Smith | title = The March Up: Taking Baghdad with the 1st Marine Division | publisher = Bantam Books |date=September 2003 | location = New York | url = | doi = | id = ISBN 0-553-80376-X --> During the occupation of Iraq, Marines spearheaded both assaults on the city of [Fallujah in [First Battle of Fallujah and [Second Battle of Fallujah 2004, also known as [Operation Phantom Fury.{{cite book | last = West | first = Bing | authorlink = Bing West | coauthors = | title = No True Glory: A Frontline Account of the Battle for Fallujah | publisher = Bantam Dell |date=October 2005 | location = New York | url = | doi = | id = ISBN 978-0-533-90402-7 --> Their time in Iraq has also courted controversy with the [Haditha killings and the [Hamdania incident.{{cite web |accessdate=2007-04-27 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/12/21/iraq.haditha/index.html |title=Marines face charges in Haditha killings |publisher=CNN-->{{cite web |accessdate=2007-04-27 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/21/AR2006062100887.html |title=8 Troops Charged In Death Of Iraqi |publisher=CNN--> They currently continue to operate throughout Iraq.

Organization The United States Department of the Navy, led by the United States Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV), administers both the Marine Corps and the Navy. The most senior Marine officer is the Commandant of the Marine Corps, responsible for organizing, recruiting, training, and equipping the Marine Corps so that it is ready for operation under the command of the Military of the United States#Unified Combatant Commands. The Marine Corps is organized into four principal subdivisions: Headquarters Marine Corps (HQMC), the Operating Forces, the Supporting Establishment, and the Marine Forces Reserve (MARFORRES or USMCR).

The Operating Forces are further subdivided into three categories: Marine Corps Forces (MARFOR) assigned to unified commands, Marine Corps Security Forces guarding high-risk naval installations, and Marine Corps Security Guard detachments at American embassies. Under the "Forces for Unified Commands" memo, Marine Corps Forces are assigned to each of the regional unified commands at the discretion of the United States Secretary of Defense and with the approval of the President. Since 1991, the Marine Corps has maintained component headquarters at each of the regional unified combatant commands.{{cite web | last = GlobalSecurity.org | first = | authorlink = GlobalSecurity.org | coauthors = | title = Marine Corps Organization | work = | publisher = GlobalSecurity.org | date = | url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/usmc/overview.htm | format = | doi = | accessdate = --> Marine Corps Forces are further divided into Marine Forces Command (MARFORCOM) and Marine Forces Pacific (MARFORPAC), each headed by a [Lieutenant General (United States). MARFORCOM has operational control of the [II Marine Expeditionary Force; MARFORPAC has operational control of the [I Marine Expeditionary Force and [III Marine Expeditionary Force.

The Supporting Establishment includes Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC), United States Marine Corps#Initial training, Marine Corps Logistics Command, List of United States Marine Corps installations and List of United States Marine Corps air stations, Recruiting Command, and the United States Marine Band.

Relationship with other services The Marine Corps combat capabilities in some ways overlap those of the United States Army, the latter having historically viewed the Corps as encroaching on the Army's capabilities and competing for funding, missions, and renown. The attitude dates back to the founding of the Continental Marines, when General George Washington refused to allow the initial Marine battalions to be drawn from among his Continental Army. Most significantly, in the aftermath of World War II, Army efforts to restructure the American defense establishment included the dissolution of the Corps and the folding of its capabilities into the other services. Leading this movement were such prominent Army officers as General Dwight D. Eisenhower and Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall.

The Marine Corps is a partner service with the United States Navy under the Department of the Navy. As a result, the Navy and Marine Corps have a close relationship, more so than with other branches of the Military of the United States. Whitepapers and promotional literature of the 20th century have commonly used the phrase "Navy-Marine Corps Team". {{cite video | people = Lt. Col. James Kuhn | title = Enduring Freedom | medium = Film | publisher = Department of the Navy | url= http://www.nuwc.navy.mil/hq/video/enduringfreedom/video.html | date = November 2, [ --> Both the [Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) and Commandant of the Marine Corps, heads of their respective services, report directly to the Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV), a civilian who heads the Department of the Navy.

Cooperation between the two services begins with the training and instruction of Marines. The Corps receives a significant portion of its officers from the United States Naval Academy and Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC). NROTC are staffed by Marines alongside naval officers. Marine Corps drill instructors contribute to training of naval officers in the Navy's Officer Candidate School (U.S. Navy). Marine aviators are trained in the Naval Aviation training pipeline.

Training alongside each other is viewed as critical, as the Navy provides transport, logistical, and combat support to put Marine units into the fight. Navy aircraft carriers typically deploy with a Marine F/A-18 Hornet squadron alongside Navy squadrons. Since the Marines do not train chaplains or medical personnel, officers and enlisted sailors from the Navy fill these roles. Some of these sailors, particularly Hospital Corpsman, generally wear Marine uniforms emblazoned with Navy insignia and markings in order to be noticeably distinct to compatriots but generally indistinguishable to enemies. Conversely, the Marine Corps is responsible for conducting land operations to support naval campaigns, including the seizure of naval and air bases. Both services operate a network security team in conjunction.

Finally, there are several traditional connections between the two services. Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients wear the Navy variant of the award; Marines also may be awarded the Navy Cross. The Navy's Blue Angels flight demonstration team includes at least one Marine pilot, and is supported by a Marine C-130 Hercules aircraft. In cities with Navy and Marine Corps presence, social activities are often conducted together, for example with the Navy/Marine ball in San Diego, California.

Air-ground task forces Today, the basic framework for deployable Marine units is the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF), a flexible structure of varying size. A MAGTF integrates a ground combat element (GCE), an air combat element (ACE), and a logistics combat element (LCE){{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = MARADMIN 562/06 | work = Renaming of the Combat Service Support Element (CSSE) to the Logistics Combat Element (LCE) | publisher = US Marine Corps | date = | url = http://www.usmc.mil/maradmins/maradmin2000.nsf/37f49138fc3d9c00852569b9000af6b7/4f61f759901f02128525723500679aac?OpenDocument | format = | doi = | accessdate = --> under a common command element (CE). A MAGTF can operate independently or as part of a larger coalition. It is a temporary organization formed for a specific mission and dissolved after completion of that mission. The MAGTF structure reflects a strong tradition in the Corps towards self-sufficiency and a commitment to [combined arms, both essential assets to an expeditionary force often called upon to act independently in discrete, time-sensitive situations. The history of the Marine Corps as well has led to a wariness of overreliance on its sister services, and towards joint operations in general.

A MAGTF varies in size from the smallest, a Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU), based around a reinforced infantry battalion and a composite squadron, up to the largest, a Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF), which ties together a division (military), an wing (air force unit), and a Marine Logistics Group under a MEF Headquarters Group. There are usually three MEUs assigned to each of the Navy's United States Fleet Forces Command and United States Pacific Fleet, with a seventh MEU based on Okinawa. While one MEU is on deployment, one MEU is training to deploy and one is standing down, resting its Marines and refitting. Each MEU is rated as capable of performing special forces.{{cite web|url=http://www.usmc.mil/meus/other_expeditionary_units.htm |title=Prepared for the Larger Conflicts: Capable of specializing for the unique conflict |work=Other Marine Expeditionary Forces |publisher=United States Marine Corps |accessdate=2006-08-05-->

The three Marine Expeditionary Forces are:

I Marine Expeditionary Force located at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California
II Marine Expeditionary Force located at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina
III Marine Expeditionary Force located at Camp Courtney, Okinawa, Japan

Special warfare Although the notion of a Marine special forces contribution to the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) was considered as early as the founding of USSOCOM in the 1980s, it was resisted by the Marine Corps. Then-Commandant Paul X. Kelley expressed the popular belief that Marines should support Marines, and that the Corps should not fund a special warfare capability that would not support Marine operations.{{cite web | last = Smith, Jr. | first = W Thomas | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Marines, Navy SEALs Forge New Special Operations Team; An exclusive interview with U.S The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is a branch of the Military of the United States responsible for providing power projection from the sea,{{cite paper | title = Operational Maneuver from the Sea | version = | publisher = Headquarters Marine Corps | date = 1996 | url = http://www.dtic.mil/jv2010/usmc/omfts.pdf | format = | accessdate = --> utilizing the mobility of the United States Navy to rapidly deliver [Marine Air-Ground Task Force. Since the Marine Corps works alongside [United States Navy#Operating forces, it is part of the [United States Department of the Navy for administrative purposes.[http://www.navy.mil/navydata/organization/orgopfor.asp Department of the Navy -- The Operating Forces.

Background Originally organized as the Continental Marines on 10 November 1775 as naval infantry, the Marine Corps has evolved in its mission with changing military doctrine and Foreign relations of the United States. The Marine Corps has served in Military history of the United States including the American Revolutionary War. It attained prominence in the 20th century when its theories and practice of amphibious warfare proved prescient and ultimately formed the cornerstone of the Pacific War of World War II.{{cite book | last = Warren | first = James A. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = American Spartans: The U.S. Marines: A Combat History From Iwo Jima to Iraq | publisher = Free Press, Simon & Schuster | date = 2005 | location = New York | url = | doi = | id = ISBN 0-684-87284-6 --> By the mid 20th century, the Marine Corps had become the dominant theorist of amphibious warfare.{{cite book|accessdate=2007-06-02 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/I/USMC-I-I-2.html |chapter=Part I, Chapter 2: Evolution of Modern Amphibious Warfare, 1920–1941 |title=Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal |series=History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II, Volume I |author=Hough, Col Frank O. (USMCR); Ludwig, Maj Verle E. (USMC), and Henry I. Shaw, Jr. |publisher= Historical Branch, HQMC, United States Marine Corps-->{{cite book |accessdate=2007-06-02|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/IV/USMC-IV-II-1.html |chapter=Part II, Chapter 1: The Development of FMFPac |title=Western Pacific Operations |date=1971 |author=Garand, George W. and Truman R. Strobridge |series=History of U.S. Marine Corps Operation in World War II, Volume IV |publisher=Historical Branch, HQMC, United States Marine Corps--> {{cite book|accessdate=2007-06-02 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/V/USMC-V-VI-1.html |date=1968 |chapter=Part VI, Chapter 1: Amphibious Doctrine in World War II |title=Victory and Occupation |author=Frank, Benis M and Henry I. Saw, Jr. |series=History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II, Volume V |publisher=Historical Branch, HQMC, United States Marine Corps--> Its ability to rapidly respond to regional crises has made it, and continues to make it, an important body in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy.{{cite paper | author = John H. Dalton, Secretary of the Navy; [Jeremy Michael Boorda, Chief of Naval Operations; [Carl Epting Mundy, Jr., Commandant, U.S. Marine Corps | title = Forward...From the Sea | version = | publisher = Department of the Navy | date = November 11, [ | format = | accessdate = -->

The United States Marine Corps, with 180,000 active duty and 40,000 Marine Forces Reserve as of 2005, is the smallest of the United States' armed forces in the United States Department of Defense (the United States Coast Guard, about one fifth the size of the Marine Corps, is under the United States Department of Homeland Security). The Corps is nonetheless larger than the entire armed forces of many significant military powers; for example, it is larger than the active duty Israel Defense Forces.

Mission Flag of the United States Marine CorpsThe United States Marine Corps serves as an amphibious force-in-readiness. Today, it has three primary areas of responsibility as outlined in , originally introduced under the National Security Act of 1947:

The seizure or defense of advanced naval bases and other land operations to support naval warfare;
The development of tactics, technique, and equipment used by Amphibious vehicle forces; and
"Such other duties as the President of the United States may direct."

I Marine Expeditionary Force located at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California
II Marine Expeditionary Force located at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina
III Marine Expeditionary Force located at Camp Courtney, Okinawa, Japan

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